1. Present Perfect - Form
The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.
Affirmative
Subject
to have
past participle
She
has
visited
Negative
Subject
to have + not
past participle
She
hasn't
visited
Interrogative
to have
subject
past participle
Has
she
visited..?
Interrogative negative
to have + not subject past participle
Hasn't she visited...?
Example: to walk, present perfect
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I have walked
I haven't walked
Have I walked?
You have walked
You haven't walked
Have you walked?
He, she, it has walked
He, she, it hasn't walked
Has he,she,it walked
We have walked
We haven't walked
Have we walked?
You have walked
You haven't walked
Have you walked?
They have walked
They haven't walked
Have they walked?
2. Present perfect, function
The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.
BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably NOT the same.
The Present Perfect is used to describe:
1. An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Example: I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Example: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)
3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. Example: We have visited Portugal several times.
4. An action that was completed in the very recent past, (expressed by 'just'). Example: I have just finished my work.
5. An action when the time is not important. Example: He has read 'War and Peace'. (the result of his reading is important)
Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: He read 'War and Peace' last week.
Examples:
1. Actions started in the past and continuing in the present.
* They haven't lived here for years.
* She has worked in the bank for five years.
* We have had the same car for ten years.
* Have you played the piano since you were a child?
2. When the time period referred to has not finished.
* I have worked hard this week.
* It has rained a lot this year.
* We haven't seen her today.
3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.
* They have seen that film six times.
* It has happened several times already.
* She has visited them frequently.
* We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just).
* Have you just finished work?
* I have just eaten.
* We have just seen her.
* Has he just left?
5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not known.
* Someone has eaten my soup!
* Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
* She's studied Japanese, Russian and English.
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